Lecture and Lab Exam III

  • Due No Due Date
  • Points 180

Study Guide Questions 

 I will convert some of the mitosis questions into into microscope questions that will be stationed around the room.  I will convert some of the inheritance questions into genetics problems to solve. I will select ~3 of the other questions for short answer questions. The rest I will convert into multiple choice questions 

Molecular Genetics-

  • Questions 1-4 will be  be converted into short answer or multiple choice.
  • Question 5-  You will have a DNA Sequence  you will need to transcribe, translate - but will be given the genetic code- just as in Question #5. Here is a set of practices for you if you would like. 

1.Explain the relationship between DNA sequence of a gene and the traits of an organism. This should include 

      • Description and explanation of what are genes.
      • Explain the relationship between DNA->  RNA --Protein
      • making sure to explain amino acid sequence and protein folding
      • Explain the relationship between protein shape and function and phenotype. 

2. Explain the process of transcription. Make sure to use the following vocabulary: DNA, chromosome, gene, RNA polymerase, nucleotides, ATP, mRNA, nucleus

3. Explain the process of translation.  Make sure to use the following vocabulary: mRNA, ribosome, amino acids, tRNA, ATP, genetic code, protein folding.

4. Explain why a  mutation might have no impact, a small impact or a large impact on a protein's structure and function.  To answer this question you will need to 

      • explain the structure and function of DNA and  mRNA
      • explain what codons are and how they code for amino acids
      • explain about the difference in amino acid side chains and how the sequence of amino acids leads to different shaped proteins ( don't skimp on details!)
      • explain what a mutation is
      • show an example of a mutation that has no effect, a small effect, and a large effect.

5.  Given a DNA sequence, be able to transcribe it into the correct mRNA sequence and translate it into the correct amino acid sequence. An example of this type of exercise is seen in The Transcription/Translation Attempt  Assignment

6. Fill in the following table

Process Machinery Ingredients  Products  Purpose  Location 
Transcription 
Translation 

Mitosis-

  • There will be microscopes set up around the room with slides from lab and questions drawn from the information below.
    • Note, I will never ask you to identify prophase in the animal slides, but will in the plant slides. 
  • The other questions will be converted into short answer or multiple choice. 

1. Draw and label each stage of mitosis. Make sure to include the following in your drawing

        • unduplicated chromosomes and duplicated chromosomes.
        • centromeres, sister chromatids, homologous pairs, and chromosomes 
        • Mitotic spindle apparatus 
        • identify the the ploidy of the starting cell in mitosis and the ploidy of the ending cell 

2. Draw and label the chromosomes for cells that have N= 3 that are  

        • Diploid (2n)
        • Haploid (1n) 

3.  Explain how mitosis is an example of the flow of  information. Make sure to include an explanation of  what information is stored in chromosomes, and how it is passed from one cell to the next and for what purpose. 

        • Why does DNA replication have to happen before mitosis? (during S of interphase)?
        • How does mitosis lead to identical cells? (each daughter cell gets what in terms of chromosomes?) 
        • What's are the differences between eukaryotic cell division (specifically mitosis) and prokaryotic cell division (specifically binary fission

Meiosis-

  • These questions will be either used as is, or converted into multiple choice. For example, you might need to draw your answer to #1
  • See Meiosis Quiz Download Meiosis Quiz for examples

1. Draw a diploid (2n) cell with 3 pairs of chromosomes (a total of 6 chromosomes) at the end of interphase. 

      • Draw that same cell in each of the 4 phases of meiosis 1 (prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1) and after the first cytokinesis 
        • identify chromosomes by number (ie all the #1 chromosomes should be the same length as each other) 
        • identify homologous chromosomes by being the same length as each other with centromeres in the same location, but different colors to indicate different alleles.  
        • make sure the number of chromosomes is consistent in each of your drawings. 
        • include and label : homologous chromosomes, chromatids, crossing over, spindle fibers (only when relevant), the nuclear envelope (only when relevant), the cell membrane
      • Draw both the cells you got at the end of meiosis 1 in each of the 4 phases of meiosis 2 (prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2) and after the 2nd cytokinesis 
        • make sure the number of chromosomes is consistent in each of your drawings. 
        • your drawings should include:  chromosomes, crossing over, spindle fibers (only when relevant), the nuclear envelope (only when relevant), the cell membrane
      • Note: this is exactly the same as  our lab activity, but with one less pair of chromosomes. 

2. Compare meiosis and mitosis.

    • Make a drawing of a diploid (2n) cell with 3 pairs of chromosomes (a total of 6 chromosomes) at the end of interphase. 
    • Draw the same cell in each stage of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and after cytokinesis 
    • compare each of these stages to the drawing you made above of Meiosis I. In what way are mitosis and meiosis I similar? In what way are they different? 
    • Compare your drawings of mitosis to that of meiosis II. In what ways are the they similar? Different?
    • Compare the end product of  mitosis to that of meiosis. In what ways are they similar? Different? 

 

3. What is sexual reproduction and how does meiosis contribute to benefits?  Explain this in terms of genetic recombination, independent assortment, crossing over, random fertilization,  eggs, sperm, zygotes, genetic variation, stable and unstable environments. 

 

Inheritance

1. When we follow patterns of inheritance, we assume that each parent gives only one copy of a gene to their offspring, who then end up having 2 copies per gene ( one from each parent). Explain why this is the case, using your knowledge of meiosis, fertilization and homologous chromosomes. 

2. Explain why  alleles for the same gene result in different phenotypes. Use your knowledge of genes, proteins, and gene expression to answer this question.

3. Be able to do the problems in the lab chapter on genetics that we went over in the videos and in class/lab. 

4. How can you tell the difference between a trait that is controlled by a) simple dominance/recessive alleles  b) incomplete dominance c) sex linkage or d) more than one gene. For each of these types of inheritance, give an example

5.. Gene expression. For each cell record whether you expect it to have each gene in its DNA/chromosomes? (yes or no) And do you think that gene is expressed? ( yes or no)

 

Gene

 White Blood Cell Pancreatic Cell  Nerve Cell 
Gene for enzymes of glycolysis

Present- yes or no

Expressed- yes or no

Present- yes or no

Expressed- yes or no

Present- yes or no

Expressed- yes or no
Gene for an antibody

Present- yes or no

Expressed- yes or no

Present- yes or no

Expressed- yes or no

Present- yes or no

Expressed- yes or no
Gene for Insulin 

Present- yes or no

Expressed- yes or no

Present- yes or no

Expressed- yes or no

Present- yes or no

Expressed- yes or no

 

6. Be able to do the genetics problems in the lab textbook on incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, sex linkage 

Evolution- 

1. Explain how evolution occurs by natural selection and leads to adaptations, using a specific (real) example. Make sure to include

        • definition of evolution,
        • definition of natural selection
        • requirements for natural selection
        • the role environment plays in natural selection
        • a definition of adaptation

2. Explain how evolution leads to speciation, using a specific (real) example. Make sure to include

        • definition of evolution
        • definition of species
        • definition of speciation
        • the role of reproductive barriers
        • different types of reproductive barriers
        • the results of a reproductive barrier on genetic differences between populations 

 

3. For each of the following misconceptions, explain the error and restate the correct information.

        • Evolution is random
        • Organisms control their adaptations 
        • Organisms can control their adaptations to human environmental changes
        • The strongest survive
        • All traits are adaptive
        • Organisms inherit acquired traits
        • Individuals evolve
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