Lecture Exam IV

This will be in class and cover the material from plants and animals.

• Photosynthesis
• Plant Anatomy
• Plant Transportation
• Plant Reproduction
• Digestive System
• Blood Sugar Regulation
• Immune System

There is a lot of information to memorize and I'd like to suggest that use the following method to test yourself on your knowledge. 

• Use this Google Slideshow with instructions on how to create your own quiz to study visual information Links to an external site..
• You can take any of the study guide questions and break them up into small pieces
• Use the above Slideshow Instructions and create an animated slideshow to test yourself. 

Here is a list of the study guide questions for  

Photosynthesis  

1. Fill in the following chart

2. Write out the equation for photosynthesis. The reactants on the left side of the arrow and products on the right side. Note: if something is produced in the light reaction, but used up in the Calvin Cycle  and recycled, it shouldn't be put into this overall equation (ie NADPH).   Energy is traditionally written over the arrow and not as one of the reactants. 

3. Producers, like plants, are often called the ''base of the food chain''. Explain what this means  in terms of cellular respiration, photosynthesis and the ability of organisms to use organic molecules for energy or to build other organic molecules. . Make sure to use the following vocabulary: producers, consumers, photosynthesis, cell respiration, organic molecules, 3 carbon sugar, glucose,  amino acids,  nucleotides, fatty acids, macromolecules, growth and repair. 

Plant Anatomy and Physiology:  I will ask a lot of these questions with pictures of slides from lab

1. How is plant growth different than animal growth? 

To answer this you will need to include: what are meristems? Where are they found in the plant body? How long can the meristematic cells continue to go through mitosis? What happens to a cell after it is produced by mitosis? What is cell differentiation? What are examples of cell structures that develop from this process? What is the structure, function and where would that cell type be found in a plant's body? 

2. . Fill in this chart with the structure and function of each organ, Links to an external site.tissue, cell type. 

How does the structure and function of a cell type determine the function of the tissue and organ?

3. What is the pathway water movse from the soil to the leaves in a plant?

What tissues and cells does it move through?  Can you draw and label the pathway from soil--> root--> stem--> leaf-->atmosphere: tissues and cells? 

4. What controls the movement of water through a plant?

Can you explain the role of evaporation, adhesion and cohesion in water transport? Which cell types control the movement and how? (ie what do guard cells do to control the movement? What structural adaptations do tracheids have that are beneficial?

Plant Reproduction- Be able to answer any of the questions in the lab chapter on Plants 

1. Put these in their appropriate order: . Fertilization; Germination; Pollination; Seed dispersal

• • • Write one sentence describing the main points of  each stage
    • What parts of the flower are involved in each stage
      
      

2. Describe the relationship between plants and pollinators. 

• • • Why do plants need pollinators?
    • What do the pollinators ‘’get’’ from the relationship? Give examples of pollinators
    •  What are adaptations  seen in pollinators to help with pollination?
    • What are  adaptations seen in plants to reward pollinator?
    • What are adaptations seen in flowers to attract pollinators?

3. Why is seed dispersal important to plants? What are different methods of seed dispersal?

• • • Which part of the flower is responsible for seed dispersal?
    • What type of fruit would you expect if animals ate the fruit in order to disperse the seeds?
    •  What type of fruit would you expect if the fruit and seed were wind dispersed?

4. Seeds, Germination and seedlings:

• • • Draw and label the parts of a seed: cotyledons, root, true leaves, SAM.
    • What is the function of each part of the seed?
    • Draw and label the parts of a seedling like the one we saw in lab.
    • Where are the meristems?
    • The youngest tissues in the root, shoot?
    • The oldest tissues? 

Digestion

1. When you eat a vegetarian burrito that is filled with beans, rice and cheese. Describe what happens to the food in each organ of your digestive system.. Make sure to use the following vocabulary: protein, carbohydrate, lipid, amino acid, sugars, fatty acids, digestive enzymes, liquifying, cell membranes. Make sure to include: 

• • • list of the type of macromolecules found in the burrito
    • description of what happens to each of those macromolecules, including where and how they break down into subunits.
    • this includes both the location of these processes, and also description of enzymes and their role, where they are made and the different types.
    • Explanation of where and how absorption takes place.
    • the relationship between digestion and absorption
    • What needs to happen for successful elimination- location and processes.

       

• 2. Make sure that you are able to fill in information from this handout.  15. Exercise and Eathing Response.pdf Download 15. Exercise and Eathing Response.pdf
• 3.  After  you eat a meal, your blood glucose concentrations begin to rise. Describe what happens in our pancreas/liver negative feedback loop in order to bring you back to homeostasis.  Make sure to include

• • • description of what happens at the organ level: pancreas, liver, blood stream, hormones (insulin, glucagon)
    • description of what happens at the cell level: cell signaling, insulin, insulin receptor, transduction, GLUT4, glucose  
    • description  of what happens to the glucose in the cells of the body vs. liver
    • explanation of homeostasis and how this demonstrates that phenomenon

4.  As you exercise, you are using a lot of energy.  Describe what happens in our pancreas/liver negative feedback loop in order to keep our blood glucose levels normal? Make sure to include

• • • • • description of what happens at the organ level: pancreas, liver, blood stream, hormones (insulin, glucagon)
        • description of what happens at the cell level: cell signaling, insulin, insulin receptor, transduction, GLUT4, glucose  
        • description  of what happens to the glucose in the cells of the body vs. liver
        • explanation of homeostasis and how this demonstrates that phenomenon

5.  What is the cause of Type I diabetes and how does that affect the

• • • The pancreas and production of hormones (Insulin and Glucagon)
    • The uptake and use of glucose by cells of the body- make sure to explain what is happening with signal transduction. 
    • (receptor, transduction, GLUT4 , vesicle, glucose absorption)

6.  What is the cause of Type II diabetes and how does that affect the

• • • The pancreas and production of hormones (Insulin and Glucagon)
    • The uptake and use of glucose by cells of the body- make sure to explain what is happening with signal transduction. 
    • (receptor, transduction, GLUT4 , vesicle, glucose absorption)

Immune System.

1. What is a virus and how does it enter a cell, replicate itself and leave a cell? 

2. What is non-specific immunity? What are the different mechanisms? What type of dangers does  it protect us against?

3. What is inflammation? What are the benefits and problems associated with inflammation?

You will need to include information about

• • • White Blood Cells
    • Histamines
    • Capillaries
    • Blood flow. 

4. Describe the process by which your immune system fights off the cold virus when you are first infected.  What happens the second time you are infected with the same virus? 

You will need to include information about:

• • • How pathogens like colds enter our system
    • What happens with White Blood Cells and how are they converted into Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)
    • What happens to those APCs  in the lymph nodes
    • What is the role of Helper T-cells,  Cytotoxic T-cells and B- cells and antibodies
    • Explanation of memory cells- how they are made, what they do and how the virus is attacked with the second infection.