Final Exam Review
For the Written Final Exam questions, you need to have read Chapter 5 and throughly reviewed the lecture and your lecture notes. For the Multiple Choice portion of the exam, please be sure to review the information below.
Chapter 12
Be able to identify or discuss:
- how and to what purpose cultural anthropologists study the topic of migration.
- the categories of migration and their implications for the people involved.
- the theoretical debate between structurists and those who favor individual agency in explaining different examples of migration.
- examples of the new immigrants to the US and Canada and some of the challenges they face and how they are dealing with the challenges.
- the major new immigrant groups in the United States and Canada, their reasons for migrating, and some characteristics of their adaptation.
- transnationalism, why it is increasing as a way of life, and its effects on the people who constitute this deterritorialized population.
- the political and economic factors that lie behind state policies about immigration and different people’s attitudes toward immigrants in the receiving countries.
- how the many topics within cultural anthropology covered so far are related to migration.
- the culture of the Maya of Guatemala and contemporary challenges they are facing.
Key Concepts:
bracero: an agricultural laborer in Latin America and the Caribbean who is permitted entry to a country to work for a limited time.
chain migration: a form of population movement in which a first wave of migrants comes and then attracts relatives and friends to join them in the destination.
circular migration: repeated movement between two or more places, either within or between countries.
development-induced displacement (DID): the forced migration of a population due to development.
displaced person: someone who is forced to leave his or her home, community, or country.
institutional migrant: someone who moves into a social institution either voluntarily or involuntarily.
internal migration: movement within country boundaries.
internally displaced person (IDP): someone who is forced to leave his or her home or community but who remains in the same country.
international migration: movement across country boundaries.
lifeboat mentality: a view that seeks to limit growth of a particular group because of perceived resource constraints.
migration: movement from one place to another.
new immigrant: an international migrant who has moved since the 1960s.
push‑pull theory: an explanation for rural-to-urban migration that emphasizes people’s incentives to move because of a lack of opportunity in rural areas (the “push”) compared with urban areas (the “pull”).
refugee: someone who is forced to leave his or her home, community, or country.
remittance: transfer of money or goods by a migrant to his or her family in the country of origin.
right of return: the United Nations' guaranteed right of a refugee to return to his or her home country to live.
transnational migration: regular movement of a person between two or more countries resulting in a new cultural identity.
Chapter 13
Be able to identify or discuss:
- the two basic processes of cultural change: invention and diffusion.
- several models of development with attention to their implications for local communities.
- different institutional approaches to development.
- the basic stages of the development project cycle.
- what the anthropological critique of the development project involves and why anthropologists are more likely to be in the position of critic than, say, economists.
- examples of how various kinds of development have affected indigenous peoples and what indigenous peoples are doing today to improve their situation.
- the impact of large-scale, exogenous development on women’s status and how women are trying to improve their situation.
- the connections between “people first” cultural heritage preservation and development.
- the culture of the Peyizan Yo of Haiti and contemporary challenges they are facing.
Key Concepts
acculturation: a form of cultural change in which a minority culture becomes more like the dominant culture.
assimilation: a form of culture change in which a culture is thoroughly acculturated, or decultured, and is no longer distinguishable as having a separate identity.
critical development anthropology: an approach to international development in which the anthropologist takes on a critical-thinking role and asks why and to whose benefit particular development policies and programs are pursued.
development: directed change toward improving human welfare.
development aggression: the imposition of development projects and policies without the free, prior, and informed consent of the affected people.
development project: a set of activities designed to put development policies into action.
diffusion: the spread of culture through contact.
extractive industry: a business that explores for, removes and processes, and sells minerals, oil, and gas that are found on or beneath the earth’s surface and are nonrenewable.
invention: the discovery of something new.
male bias in development: the design and implementation of development projects with men as beneficiaries and without regard to their impact on women’s roles and status.
modernization: a model of change based on belief in the inevitable advance of science and Western secularism and processes, including industrial growth, consolidation of the state, bureaucratization, a market economy, technological innovation, literacy, and options for social mobility.
poverty: the lack of tangible and intangible assets that contribute to life and the quality of life.
project cycle: the steps of a development project from initial planning to completion: project identification, project design, project appraisal, project implementation, and project evaluation.
social capital: the intangible resources existing in social ties, trust, and cooperation.
social impact assessment: a study conducted to gauge the potential social costs and benefits of particular innovations before change is undertaken.
traditional development anthropology: an approach to international development in which the anthropologist accepts the role of helping to make development work better by providing cultural information to planners.